Better lighting

Most people with dementia, and older people in general, benefit from better lighting in their home – it can help to avoid confusion and reduce the risk of falls.

Try to reduce glare, shadows and reflections.

Lighting should be good, even and natural (as much as possible). Increase natural light by making sure:

• curtains are open in the day
• there are no unnecessary nets and blinds
• hedges and trees are cut back if they overshadow the window and block out sunlight

Lighting is particularly important on the stairs and in the toilet. Light switches should be easily accessible and straightforward to use.

Automatic light sensors can be a good addition. Lights come on automatically when someone passes the sensor.

As dementia is more common among older people, it's important to have regular eye tests so that any problems can be spotted and treated.

Reduce excess noise

Carpets, cushions and curtains absorb background noise. If you have laminate or vinyl flooring, simply walking across the room can be very noisy. If the person with dementia wears a hearing aid, it will magnify these sounds which can be uncomfortable.

Reduce background noise by turning the television or radio off if nobody is paying attention to it.

It's important to have regular hearing checks, even if the person with dementia has hearing aids fitted.

People with dementia can have their symptoms made worse by problems with sight and hearing together (known as deafblindness or dual sensory loss). Read more information about dual sensory loss from the charity Sense.

Safer flooring

Try to avoid rugs or mats on the floor, as some people with dementia may become confused and think the rug or mat is an object that they need to step over, which could lead to trips or falls.

Avoid shiny or reflective flooring, as this may be perceived as being wet, and the person with dementia may struggle to walk over it.

The best flooring to choose is matt and in a colour that contrasts with the walls. It might help to avoid colours that can be mistaken for real things, such as green (grass) or blue (water).

Contrasting colours

Dementia can affect how well someone can tell the difference between colours. Choose:

• contrasting colours on walls and floors
• furniture and furnishings in bright or bold colours that contrast with the walls and floors, including beds, tables and chairs
• contrasting colours for doors and banisters to make them stand out
• a toilet seat in a contrasting colour to the rest of the bathroom
• crockery in contrasting colours to the tablecloth or table help to define the edges of plates and dishes

Avoid bold patterns and stripes as they can be confusing and disorientating.

Reflections can be troubling

Check mirrors and cover or remove them if they're likely to cause confusion in the person with dementia. They may be distressed if they don't recognise themselves.

Similarly, it can help to close the curtains in the evening so they can't see their reflection in the window glass.

Labels and signs can help someone get around

Labels and signs on cupboards and doors can be helpful, such as a toilet sign on the bathroom or toilet door. Signs should be:

• clear
• have words and an appropriate picture that contrast with the background
• placed slightly lower than normal as older people tend to look downwards

It may also help to put photos on cupboards and drawers to show what's inside them. For example, you could put a photo of cups or mugs on the cupboard that contains these.

Alternatively, see-through cupboard doors can be a great help to someone with dementia, as they can then see what's inside.

Dementia-friendly household items

It's possible to get products for the home that are specifically designed for people with dementia. For example:

• clocks with large LCD displays showing day and date as well as the time
• telephones with big buttons
• reminder devices that give an audio prompt to help people remember to take medicines or lock the front door

These products are often known as assistive technology. Apps for smartphones and tablets can also help.

There are several websites that sell daily living aids, such as the Alzheimer's Society online shop and AT Dementia.

You may find that the person you care for prefers traditional fixtures and fittings, such as taps, a toilet flush or bath plugs.

Ensure that any tables are stable and have round, smooth edges. They should be at a suitable height, so that food and drink can be seen and a wheelchair can fit underneath if needed.

Gardens and outside spaces

Like everyone else, people with dementia may benefit from going outside to get some fresh air and exercise. Make sure that:

• walking surfaces are flat to prevent trips or falls
• any outdoor space is secure to prevent someone wandering off
• flower beds are raised to help people with restricted mobility look after their garden
• there are sheltered seating areas to enable someone to stay outside for longer
• lighting is adequate – any entrance to the garden should be easy to see and return home from

Bird feeders and bug boxes will attract wildlife into the garden. And a variety of flowers and herbs can help someone stay engaged.